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                  <text>&lt;a href="/exhibits/show/2_profile" target="_self"&gt;&lt;em&gt;[Back to The Spatial Profile]&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/imperiia/items/show/321" target="_self"&gt;Geographical Atlas of the Russian Empire&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;1820-1827 [Piadyshev Atlas]</text>
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                <text>The Piadyshev Atlas contains attestations of 459 district (uezd) towns. This is a bit odd, given the fact that the atlas describes 591 districts. How might we make up - or at least explain the shortfall?&#13;
&lt;p&gt;To start, the 43 districts in the Grand Duchy of Finland, the 8 voevodstvos in the Kingdom of Poland, the 24 domains (владения) and districts (округа) of the (former) Kingdom of Georgia, and the 7 nachal'stva of the Don Cossack territory lacked district seats per se, as these regions had different administrative structures than the rest of the empire. That brings the target number down to 509, from 592.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;GIS software makes it incredibly easy to count the number of districts with at least one location designated as a district town: 444. In other words, the dataset is missing 66 district towns?&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Happily, that is not the case. You see, in most cases, a&amp;nbsp;district that was home to a provincial seat (gubernskij gorod) did not have a separate district town. That means that we can add our provincial towns to the count. 55 districts were home to provincial towns (excluding Okhotsk and Kamchatka, which were not organized as regular provinces), but in 5 cases the atlas shows the presence of both a provincial and a district town. Eliminating those redundancies, and treating provincial towns as district towns, we can now cover 494 districts.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;What about the remaining 15?&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Careful scrutiny reveals that according to the atlas, precisely 15 districts lacked district towns altogether (3 in Iakutsk, 1 in Tavrida, 1 in Kavkazskaia oblast', 3 in Kharkov, 4 in Minsk, 3 in Vilensk).&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;The math is a dizzying and the explanations myriad, but the result is that the dataset in fact contains what it ought to, given the parameters of the source from which it is drawn.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/imperiia/items/show/321" target="_self"&gt;Geographical Atlas of the Russian Empire&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;1820-1827 [Piadyshev Atlas]</text>
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                <text>The districts were tertiary administrative units. Each was nested within a secondary unit (guberniia, oblast', or irregular division).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Piadyshev Atlas describes 583 districts, including &lt;span&gt;24 vladeniia and okruga in Georgia, 7 nachal'stva in the Don Cossack lands, 6 tsinuty in Bessarabia, and 5 ober-hauptmannshafften in Kurliand.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>Scheme of the Dnepr River basin sourced from Wiki Commons</text>
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                  <text>In 1856, a hot new item hit the shelves in Russia: a set of&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a data-size="medium" data-align="right" data-caption="description" data-annotations="" resource="yaroslav-province" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperiia/original/3159934d76f3c41fb9190281e87d6db9.jpg" class="media_link texteo_icon texteo_icon_image"&gt;playing cards&lt;/a&gt;. Created by Konstantin Matveevich Gribanov, the set had an impressive title:&#13;
&lt;div&gt;&#13;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Album of Geographical Playing Cards of Russia, arranged on 80 cards according to maritime basin (A wonderful and instructive child's game of patience)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#13;
&lt;/div&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;As you can imagine, these were not your ordinary playing cards&lt;/strong&gt;. They were elaborately illustrated, beautifully-produced, and&amp;nbsp;laden with pedagogical and ideological value. If you had money to spare and fancied yourself an educated, elite, or prestige-hungry subject of the tsar, you no doubt found a way to get your hands on a set.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;We think you should play with these cards.&lt;/strong&gt; We think the chances are good that you will learn as much from them as we have. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You don't read Russian?&lt;/strong&gt; No problem, we have translated the content.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You don't know where any of these places are?&lt;/strong&gt; No problem, we made maps.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You don't know what questions to ask?&lt;/strong&gt; No problem, we took care of that, too.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;h2&gt;Now stop making excuses. &lt;a href="https://imperiia.scalar.fas.harvard.edu/imperiia/the-playing-cards"&gt;Click here to explore "Deal: History Through Playing Cards&lt;/a&gt;"&lt;/h2&gt;&#13;
(And come back here anytime to access the images via a dynamic, high-resolution viewer.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note: The cards were digitized as the "Geographic Card Set of the Russian Empire" by the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a target="_blank" href="http://international.loc.gov/intldl/mtfhtml/mfdigcol/nlrmp.html#d_eng" rel="noopener"&gt;Meeting of Frontiers&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;project: a collaboration between the&amp;nbsp;Library of Congress and&amp;nbsp;the Russian National Library. They are available for noncommercial educational use.&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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Before the Decree of March 31, 1959, issued by the Presidium of the RSFSR Supreme Soviet, copyright in photographs was covered by the previous law: Section 12 of the Federal Copyright Act of 1928. This previous law required a special notice for photographs to maintain copyright. According to Section 12, “to maintain his copyright to photographs, the photographer shall mark each copy with the firm name or the personal name and address of the photographer, as well as with the year of publication of the photographic work.” [From Gsovski, V. (1949). Soviet civil law: v.2, Translation. P. 406] Photographs published without this notice either lost the copyright from the publication or forfeited an already complete right. See Levitsky, S. (1964). Introduction to Soviet copyright law: Status juris, end 1962 (Law in Eastern Europe ; no. 8). Leyden: Sythoff.</text>
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                <text>This map can be found on page 69 of Baedeker's &lt;em&gt;Handbook&lt;/em&gt;. This particular copy was made accessible by the Getty Research Institute and HathiTrust. &lt;a href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100241209" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Click here to read the catalog entry&lt;/a&gt;.&#13;
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