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                <text>Villages came in several varieties, the &lt;em&gt;derevnia&lt;/em&gt; and the &lt;em&gt;selo&lt;/em&gt; being by far the most numerous. This layer describes the geography of the &lt;em&gt;selo&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(село &amp;gt; села), the quintessential Russian village. A selo was generally a large rural settlement, the site of an Orthodox church, and a seat of peasant administration.&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Digging Deeper&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Several atlas sheets conflate sela with four other settlement types. That practice has been preserved in the Imperiia Project, for lack of any way to disambiguate the various types:&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;ol&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;большой двор (large homestead): Kurliand&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;кирка малая (small parish): Grand Duchy of Finland&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;погость (pogost'): Pskov, Novgorod, Tver, Moscow, Smolensk, Chernigov, Tula, Olonets, Vologda, Arkhangel'sk&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;словода (sloboda): Poltava, Kharkov, Ekaterinoslav, Kursk, Kaluga, Iaroslav, Vladimir, Tambov, Voronezh, Viatka, Nizhnii Novgorod, Penza, Kazan, Simbirsk, Saratov, Don Cossack lands, Astrakhan, Kafkaz, Perm, Orenburg, Tobolsk, Tomsk, Enisejsk, Omsk, Irkutsk, Kamchatka, Iakutsk&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;/ol&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;sloboda&lt;/strong&gt; was a settlement or group of settlements that had, originally, been exempt from the taxes and obligations imposed on most of the populace for a specified period of years. In return, inhabitants of the sloboda performed other tasks: garrison duty, household work, trade, crafts, etc. In areas of Siberia and in the Ukrainian lands the sloboda was used as a mechanism for attracting settlers and increasing agricultural activity.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;pogost'&lt;/strong&gt; was a feature of the northern reaches of Russia: a settlement complete with church, marketplace, and surrounding rural administrative district.</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/imperiia/items/show/321" target="_self"&gt;Geographical Atlas of the Russian Empire&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;1820-1827 [Piadyshev Atlas]</text>
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                <text>This is one of the most surprising map layers. Of the 59 sheets of the Piadyshev atlas, only one includes mosques in its legend. If you were to take the atlas as an authoritative source for the cultural geography of the empire, you would have no choice but to conclude that there were but four mosques in the entire Russian Empire, and that all of those mosques were located within 175 kilometers (roughly 100 miles) of each other, along the Akshi-kun and Nura rivers, both of which flow into Lake Kurgaldzhin in Omsk province. (&lt;a href="http://worldmap.harvard.edu/maps/russianempire/T6M" target="_blank"&gt;Click here to see them on the interactive map&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Why did the Military-Topographical Depot choose to include these mosque locations, and not the thousands of others dotting the landscape of the Volga provinces and Tavrida? A question worth mulling, to be sure.</text>
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                <text>&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;The atlas legend does not differentiate between types of monastic institutions. According to the toponyms, 24 of the 74 sites in this layer are sketes (скит), 12 are hermitages (пустынь), and the rest are garden-variety monasteries. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Together they spread across 29 provinces, including guberni and oblasti, plus Finland. (&lt;a href="http://worldmap.harvard.edu/maps/russianempire/T6T" target="_blank"&gt;Click here to see them on the interactive map&lt;/a&gt;.) As the maps included here suggest, monasteries are located in a range of settings: on desolate islands in the White Sea, near the hustle and bustle of thickly-settled towns, in remote recesses of the empire, and everywhere in between.&lt;/div&gt;</text>
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                <text>The atlas shows 148 factories (fabriki and zavody) spread across 25 provinces. The distribution is far from uniform: 50 factories are located in Perm alone. &#13;
&#13;
If you go through this layer in detail (either on the Imperiia Map or in Dataverse) you will notice that the "placenames" are, in most cases, no such thing: they are instead descriptions of the kind of factory at a given location. [Translations to come in the next iteration of the data.]</text>
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