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                  <text>&lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/imperiia/exhibits/show/2_profile" target="_self"&gt;&lt;em&gt;[Back to The Spatial Profile]&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Provincial towns</text>
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                <text>urban space, administrative space</text>
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                <text>The provincial town (губернский город) was the administrative capital of the province, the seat of the civil governor, and in some cases a military governor or governor-general. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Provincial towns ranged from the relatively humble (Vologda) to the grandiose (St. Petersburg). Some boasted long urban histories, such as Moscow or Kiev, while others were essentially conjured out of thin air by imperial decree, such as Kherson and Simferopol. A few qualified as economic centers or trading hubs (think Riga or Novgorod); a handful were cultural centers (think Vilno or Tiflis). Others were frontier towns first and foremost, such as Ufa and Tobol'sk.&lt;br /&gt;&#13;
&lt;h3&gt;Provincial Towns (alphabetically, by province)&lt;/h3&gt;&#13;
&lt;table width="700" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"&gt;&lt;colgroup&gt;&lt;col span="2" width="300" /&gt; &lt;/colgroup&gt;&#13;
&lt;tbody&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td class="xl60" width="300" height="17"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;Provincial town&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td class="xl60" width="300"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;Province&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Arkhangel'sk (Архангельск)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Arkhangel'skaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Astrakhan (Астрахань)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Astrakhanskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Belostok (Белосток)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Belostokskaia oblast'&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Kishinev (Кишинев)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Bessarabskaia oblast'&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Chernigov (Чернигов)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Chernigovskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Novocherkask (Новочеркаск)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Don Cossack Host&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Ekaterinoslav (Екатеринослав)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Ekaterinoslavskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Krasnoiarsk (Красноярск)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Eniseiskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Revel' (Ревель)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Estliandskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Grodno (Гродно)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Grodnenskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Iakutsk (Якутск)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Iakutskaia oblast'&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Iaroslavl' (Ярославль)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Iaroslavskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Irkutsk (Иркутск)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Irkutskaia oblast'&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Kaluga (Калуга)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Kaluzhskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Petropavlovskoi Port (Петропавловской Порт)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Kamchatka&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Stavropol' (Ставрополь)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Kavkazskaia oblast'&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Kazan' (Казань)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Kazanskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Khar'khov (Харьхов)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Khar'kovskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Kherson (Херсон)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Khersonskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Kiev (Киев)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Kievskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Kostroma (Кострома)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Kostromskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Mitau (Митау)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Kurliandskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Kursk (Курск)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Kurskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Riga (Рига)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Lifliandskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Minsk (Минск)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Minskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Mogilev (Могилев)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Mogilevskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Moskva (Москва)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Moskovskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Nizhnii Novgorod (Нижний Новгород)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Nizhegorodskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Novgorod (Новгород)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Novgorodskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Okhotsk (Охотск)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Okhotskoi okrug&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Petrozavodsk (Петрозаводск)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Olonetskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Omsk (Омск)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Omskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Ufa (Уфа)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Orenburgskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Orel (Орел)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Orlovskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Penza (Пенза)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Penzenskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Perm' (Пермь)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Permskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Kamenets (Каменец)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Podol'skaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Poltava (Полтава)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Poltavskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Pskov (Псков)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Pskovskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Riazan' (Рязань)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Riazanskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Sankt Peterburg (Санкт Петербург)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Sanktpeterburgskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Saratov (Саратов)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Saratovskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Simbirsk (Симбирск)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Simbirskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Smolensk (Смоленск)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Smolenskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Tambov (Тамбов)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Tambovskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Simferopol' (Симферополь)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Tavricheskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Tobol'sk (Тобольск)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Tobol'skaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Tomsk (Томск)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Tomskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Tula (Тула)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Tul'skaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Tver' (Тверь)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Tverskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Viatka (Вятка)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Viatskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Vil'no (Вильно)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Vilenskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Vitebsk (Витебск)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Vitebskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Vladimir (Владимир)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Vladimirskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Vologda (Вологда)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Vologodskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Zhitomir (Житомир)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Volynskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;td height="17"&gt;Voronezh' (Воронежь)&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;td&gt;Voronezhskaia guberniia&lt;/td&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&#13;
&lt;/table&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/imperiia/items/show/321" target="_self"&gt;Geographical Atlas of the Russian Empire&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;1820-1827 [Piadyshev Atlas]</text>
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                <text>provincial town</text>
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                  <text>&lt;a href="/exhibits/show/2_profile" target="_self"&gt;&lt;em&gt;[Back to The Spatial Profile]&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/imperiia/items/show/321" target="_self"&gt;Geographical Atlas of the Russian Empire&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;1820-1827 [Piadyshev Atlas]</text>
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                <text>Provinces came in two forms. While the guberniia was the more standardized and more prolific form, the oblast' played an important role in the administrative geography of the empire as well. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The oblast' was a secondary administrative unit.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A quick glance at the map reveals that one of the hallmarks of the oblast' was &lt;strong&gt;location&lt;/strong&gt;. If gubernii constituted the "core", the oblast' helped define the periphery of state administration. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From west to east, the 5 oblasts are: Belostok, Bessarabia, Kavkaz (Caucasus), Irkustk, Iakutsk.</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/imperiia/items/show/321" target="_self"&gt;Geographical Atlas of the Russian Empire&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;1820-1827 [Piadyshev Atlas]</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Provinces were the building blocks of the imperial administrative structure. Starting in the 18th century, provinces came in two forms: the guberniia and the oblast'. Empress Catherine II determined the shape and structure of the former, dominant form, with her 1775 Statute on Guberniia Administration (&lt;a href="http://www.nlr.ru/e-res/law_r/search.php" target="_blank"&gt;law number 14392&lt;/a&gt;). At that time there were 40 gubernii; by the 1820s there were 49,&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;geography of which corresponds - some argue - to the geography of the core of the Russian Empire.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Included here are the 7 gubernii of the Grand Duchy of Finland as well, bringing the total number of gubernii shown on the atlas to 56.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The guberniia was a secondary administrative unit.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                  <text>&lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/imperiia/exhibits/show/2_profile" target="_self"&gt;&lt;em&gt;[Back to The Spatial Profile]&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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