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                  <text> Harvard Library does not claim to own copyright in material in this digitized collection and therefore cannot grant or deny permission for reproduction, publication, or other uses. It is the responsibility of scholars using this material to determine whether or not an item is protected by copyright or in the public domain.&#13;
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/imperiia/items/show/321" target="_self"&gt;Geographical Atlas of the Russian Empire&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;1820-1827 [Piadyshev Atlas]</text>
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                <text>The "minor town" (mestechko/местечко) was distinct from other rural and urban settlement types. According to most sources, the mestechko had four distinguishing features:&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;In ethnic terms, the inhabitants of a mestechko were generally Jewish.&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;In social terms, the inhabitants of a mestechko were traders and/or craftsmen.&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;In geographic terms, mestechka were located in the western provinces - those incorporated into the empire through the Partitions of Poland - and in the Caucasus.&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;In administrative terms, in order for a settlement to be considered a mestechko, there must be an official meshchanstvo administration (мещанское управление) present.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;/ol&gt;That is, anyway, how the minor town is described in authoritative late nineteenth-century sources, such as the Brokgaus Efron Encyclopedia. At the time of the compilation of the Piadyshev atlas, it was a slightly more fungible category. Moreover, Piadyshev and company decided to use the same symbol to designate the presence of a mestechko, posad, or ostrog:&lt;br /&gt;&#13;
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&lt;li&gt;Mestechko and posad: Pskov, Arkhangel'sk, Novgorod, Tver, Kostroma, Vladimir, Saratov, Vologda&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;Mestechko and stanitsa: Voronezh&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;Mestechko and ostrog: Tomsk, Enisejsk, Irkutsk, Iakutsk, Okhotsk&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;Kamchatka: ostrog&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;/ul&gt;&#13;
&lt;br /&gt;As a result, the minor town has a broad distribution across the atlas, with 1,066 locations spread over 40 provinces, from the Polish provinces all the way to Kamchatka.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;</text>
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                  <text>In 1856, a hot new item hit the shelves in Russia: a set of&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a data-size="medium" data-align="right" data-caption="description" data-annotations="" resource="yaroslav-province" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperiia/original/3159934d76f3c41fb9190281e87d6db9.jpg" class="media_link texteo_icon texteo_icon_image"&gt;playing cards&lt;/a&gt;. Created by Konstantin Matveevich Gribanov, the set had an impressive title:&#13;
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Album of Geographical Playing Cards of Russia, arranged on 80 cards according to maritime basin (A wonderful and instructive child's game of patience)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;As you can imagine, these were not your ordinary playing cards&lt;/strong&gt;. They were elaborately illustrated, beautifully-produced, and&amp;nbsp;laden with pedagogical and ideological value. If you had money to spare and fancied yourself an educated, elite, or prestige-hungry subject of the tsar, you no doubt found a way to get your hands on a set.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;We think you should play with these cards.&lt;/strong&gt; We think the chances are good that you will learn as much from them as we have. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You don't read Russian?&lt;/strong&gt; No problem, we have translated the content.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You don't know where any of these places are?&lt;/strong&gt; No problem, we made maps.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You don't know what questions to ask?&lt;/strong&gt; No problem, we took care of that, too.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;h2&gt;Now stop making excuses. &lt;a href="https://imperiia.scalar.fas.harvard.edu/imperiia/the-playing-cards"&gt;Click here to explore "Deal: History Through Playing Cards&lt;/a&gt;"&lt;/h2&gt;&#13;
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              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="1635">
                  <text>Sheets from the GARE Atlas</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="3141">
                  <text>Together, the 59 map sheets in this collection constitute the &lt;a href="http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/projects/imperiia/items/show/321" target="_self"&gt;Geographic Atlas of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Poland, and the Grand Duchy of Finland&lt;/a&gt;. The metadata for each sheet in this collection consists of the following:&lt;br /&gt;&#13;
&lt;ul&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;Title: a simplified English translation of the name of the administrative unit&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;Alternate names: the Cyrillic name given on the sheet as well as a Latin transliteration&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;Scale: the scale ratio provided by the Library of Congress&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;Sheet #: the integer representing the order in which the sheet appears in the atlas&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;li&gt;Sheet publication year: the year in which the sheet was originally published, prior to compilation in 1827&lt;/li&gt;&#13;
&lt;/ul&gt;&#13;
&lt;a href="https://imperiia.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/neatline/fullscreen/reading-moscow#records/20" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;We marked up the Moscow Province sheet so that you can get better sense of what the maps contain.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Note too, that each sheet is linked to other items in the project site. These "item relations" are listed at the bottom of the page, along with any relevant thematic tags.</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="43">
              <name>Identifier</name>
              <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="3142">
                  <text>006</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="29">
      <name>Atlas Sheet</name>
      <description/>
      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="251">
          <name>Alternate names</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="7849">
              <text>Минская губерня, Minskaia guberniia</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="252">
          <name>Sheet #</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="7850">
              <text>12</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="253">
          <name>Sheet publication year</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="7851">
              <text>1821</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="250">
          <name>Scale</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="7852">
              <text>1:1,050,000</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
      </elementContainer>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="7848">
                <text>Minsk</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
